Analysis Of The Jesus I Never Knew By Philip Yancey

Yancey â€Å"The Jesus I Never Knew† by Philip Yancey is a book that breaks down Jesus’s life. This book opens up eyes that were once closed to certain situations. This book makes the bible relatable and actually makes the reader to think about the time when Jesus was born. Instead of reading the bible word for word, this book allows you to think about what actually happed during the time period. â€Å"The Jesus I Never Knew† puts the bible in modern time and put the bible in our eyes. We all know how the first Christmas actually happened, but I never understood the background story of it. Jesus was a person that as a human begins to grow into adulthood, their knowledge and understanding of Jesus changed. Paul Yancey wrote, â€Å"I first got acquainted†¦show more content†¦The people were foretold of Jesus’s coming, but they were not expecting him to come as a common person. They were expecting him to come in riches and glory, but he came down in the humblest way. Our whole existence was based on a young teenage girl named Mary. She was foretold by an angel of her being pregnant with the holy son. If it was up to our generation to give birth to a being that would save the whole world, they might dismiss the idea and try to abort the child. Our generation would be in shambles. According to Yancey, â€Å"The virgin Mary, though, whose parenthood was unplanned, had a different response. She heard the angel out, pondered the repercussions, and replied, â€Å"I am the Lord’s servant. May it be to me as you have said† (Yancey, 32). Mary was ready for the spirit of the Holy Ghost to impregnate her with the holy child. Even though she was a teenager, she did not question the what the angel had told her. Mary was engaged to be married to Joseph and instead of Joseph making a big scene about he baby (Jesus) not being his, he hid her away from the shame that his soon to be wife would endure. Jesus’s coming was a lready foretold in the Old Testament and he hardly seemed like a threat to Caesar Augustus, because of the great kind Augustus was. Jesus’s birth was a small incident while Augustus ruled and little attention was paid to him, but it all changedShow MoreRelatedLeadership Lessons of Jesus Christ4625 Words   |  19 PagesMeholick Research Paper The Leadership Lessons of Jesus Christ When we talk about Jesus as a leader, we may imply two different forms: Jesus as the only Son of God, God of the universe, or the risen Christ as being one with God; or Jesus as the 1st century flesh and blood human being, the historical figure. Since the purpose of studying leadership is to improve ones own leadership skills, it makes sense to analyze Jesus applicable traits, actions, and accomplishments as a goodRead More The Leadership Lessons of Jesus Christ Essay4531 Words   |  19 PagesThe Leadership Lessons of Jesus Christ When we talk about Jesus as a leader, we may imply two different forms: Jesus as the only Son of God, God of the universe, or the risen Christ as being one with God; or Jesus as the 1 st century flesh and blood human being, the historical figure. Since the purpose of studying leadership is to improve ones own leadership skills, it makes sense to analyze Jesus applicable traits, actions, and accomplishments as a good leader—in his historical role—so hisRead MorePoverty Term Paper4739 Words   |  19 PagesOutline I. Introduction A. Significance of the Study B. What is Poverty? C. History of Poverty in the Philippines D. Demographics of Poverty II. Entrenched factors associated with poverty A. Colonial Histories B. Centralization of Power C. Corruption D. Warfare E. Environmental degradation F. Social Inequality III. Lethal and Long-term Effect of Poverty

Apple Retail Team Free Essays

Dear William, Hope everything is going well with you. Based on what we have talked through the phone last time, I would like to say some more to let you know better of me. Please  tell  us  about  why  you  would  like  to  join  the  Apple  Retail  team  and  which  position  you  feel  is  best  suited  for  you? Please  see  http://www. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Retail Team or any similar topic only for you Order Now apple. com/jobs/cn/retail. html  for  a  competition  description. I would like to join Apple Retail team because I like the design and concept of Apple. As a customer using Apple’s products for so many years, I really enjoy the convenience and fun that Apple brings to me. Also, I’m a person good at communicating with others. If I working as a part of Apple, I can introduce to more people about how awesome Apple products are through my own experience. For myself, I will feel happier than ever to work for a company that I always love. After reading all the job descriptions I feel like Specialist suited me the best. -Please explain your experience/skills that you can bring to this position right now. Within my knowledge, a Specialist should have a very good communication skill and enjoy building a good relationship with customers. As an intern in HP, I have leanrt a lot about how to work with people since my job is doing customer service. I love to listen to what customers really need and know how to satisfy them. Also I am very familiar with Apple’s software which will help me fit into the job quicker. I have started teaching my friends how to use their macbooksas well as fixing some small problems for them since i was in high school. In addition, for a student just about to graduate from university, I feel full of passion and energy to work. -Please list any prior retail experience you have, what companies and positions? In fact, i have worked as a volunteer for Apple before in 2009. That was the summer when i graduated from high school and waiting to go to university. I was an Administrative Assistant in Sales Department of Dalian Apple Store. What i do was mainly introduce and sell Apple products to customers and set up a good relationship with them. -Have you applied to work @ Apple before? What was the result? No, this is my first time apply to work for Apple. Please return this to us so that you can be considered for current and future openings that we have. You can use English if you like, but both English and Chinese are fine. Also please send more details to me: – Your hobby Another important thing to me besides Apple is music. Thus, my hobby is to make music whenever I’m free. I was a Technical Director of the school broadcasting station while I was in high school and university. I also opened a music station in my blog to share and exchange music with other people. –  Your favorite life style photo – The Apple product you have used I have used most of the Apple products. For example, use time capsule to give wireless at home and store most of my documents and important stuff. Besides that, i have used airport express as well. In additon, I also have used iPod shuffle, nano, classic and ipad II. As for laptop, I have used MacBook Pro and Macbook Air. Furthermore, i used to own an iphone 3G as well. – Your English name My English name is Jockey. – Your English capability (Fluent /  Advanced / Workable / Basic)   I think my English is at the Advanced level right now. I can easily chat with others in English in daily life and I’m still improving myself by reading English news every single day. – Your simple format / update resume†¦. How to cite Apple Retail Team, Papers

The Problems of the Youth free essay sample

?Youth is a period of life which is of utmost importance in the life of man. First, mans entire life is rooted in his early years. The morals and beliefs, range of interests, education, health and habits are all laid in childhood and youth, the personality is shaped. Second, youth is a time when a person is trying to find his place in the world. This period is usually associated with problems: young people struggle to fit themselves into society. Difficult decisions and adjustments face young people in todays society. There are several problems the young generation face. They are the eternal problems of choosing a career and getting education, the problem of independence and money, the problem of unemployment of young people, the generation gap. Young people have many problems of emotional and personal character which may look silly and unimportant in the eyes of grown-ups but appear to be extremely important to the young. We will write a custom essay sample on The Problems of the Youth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are the problems of friendship and loneliness, as well as the problem of the first love. Probably the most vital problem is choosing a career, which is really difficult. One thing that makes it so difficult is the responsibility you have to take on — it is widely known that your future life depends on the choice made early in life when your personal experience is not so great. Sometimes you may even be not quite certain about the field of knowledge you are interested in. The second reason is that to make this choice you have to get some idea of the labour market and job opportunities. Third, there are parents who usually have their own idea of your future career and, in many cases, try to make their child choose the career path they prefer. Perhaps one of the most fundamental problems faced by young people today is unemployment. Young people today have certain needs and aspirations. Because of the universal downturn in the economy combined with technology when particular jobs and skills are made obsolete, many youths today are experiencing problems in obtaining jobs. Unemployment means financial worries, frustration and discouragement. To solve the problem of unemployment, young people should strive for higher education. Then they would be qualified for skilled labour required by industrialized society. Another problem facing young people today is the tension which exists between parents and children, or the generation gap. In their eagerness to achieve adult status and live their own life, young people may resent any restrictions. They believe that their parents are overanxious and overprotective, which usually creates tension. The generation gap problem is really inevitable. Firstly, every generation is unique in its experience, and young people have always rejected or at least questioned the values of their parents. They have always wanted to learn from their own experience, not from their parents standards. Secondly, every younger generation tends to be more educated and better-informed than the previous one; they grow more quickly and enjoy freedom more. Thirdly, parents tend to aggravate the situation: they try to impose their ideas upon their children. It results in young peoples revolt against adult authority. Parents should exercise control over young people, and try to overcome the differences but with sympathy and understanding. An area which poses a problem for young people and their parents is love and dating. Some parents today are prepared to give their children some freedom, others are overprotective, restricting their children from going out with the opposite sex. Thus, many young people today cant get the valuable experience of adjusting to other people. Many youths may not be mature enough to cope with such problems, that is why they go in the direction of crime, drugs, vandalism, drinking etc. Often young people are forced either consciously or unconsciously to become involved in those antisocial activities by people of their own age group. Moreover, they compensate for their feelings by revolting against society and adult authority. The second one is the problem of friendship. Youth is the time when a person is vulnerable to opinions of different people, especially to the opinions of his peer group. Another problem is problem of love and dating. Some parents are democratic in this respect, and allow their children considerable freedom in their relations with the opposite sex. Others are overprotective and forbid their teenage children to go out with people they like, which, in my opinion, can result in many psychological problems as they prevent their children from getting an experience of communicating with representatives of the opposite sex, and this can lead to serious family problems later. Grown-ups should work together with young people to help them solve these problems. We must remember that the young people are the leaders of tomorrow.

Public Administration and Politics free essay sample

duction During the apartheid era, the South African public service was isolated and out of touch with international developments in Public Sector Reform (PSR) (Thornhill, 2008). New Public Management (NPM) ideology based on generic management ideas and institutional economics had spread through the Anglophone world in the 1980s and 1990s (Hughes, 2003). During the transition in the early 1990s, very little work done by the African National Congress (ANC) on the nature of the post-apartheid public service. It was understandably obsessed on the issue of political power. It is often argued that NPM has been highly influential in shaping Public sector reform in post-apartheid South Africa. To what extent has the South African public service been influenced by NPM reforms, as opposed to other reforms? What has been the effects of these reforms? They are decentralization of authority and responsibility to managers, rightsizing which entails reducing the size of the public sector, corporatisation in the form of converting departments into free standing units, the creation of the Senior Management System (SMS), the use of the contract system for heads of departments, the creation of a more flexible human resources system, the introduction of Performance Management and attempts to improve service delivery. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Administration and Politics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With the exception of fully blown privatization and public-private partnerships, this focus probably straddles the entire spectrum of NPM. The method consisted of interviews with a number of senior government officials which included three current Director-Generals. An interview was also held with the previous Minister of Department of Public Service and Administration (DPSA), Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi. New Public Management: The Framework In the 1980s, the traditional bureaucratic public administration model of Max Weber and Woodrow Wilson was challenged in Anglophone countries such as England, Australia and New Zealand. A new model of public sector management emerged in these countries which was called NPM. NPM is not a coherent theory but rather a discrete set of ideas that can be broadly divided into two categories. First, there is the use of private management ideas, such as the provision of more responsive and efficient services, performance agreements including service standards, greater independence and flexibility for managers and new financial techniques. Second, there is greater use of as privatisation and public-private partnerships in service provision. NPM is generally inspired by the values and concepts of the private sector. It was seen as a way of cutting through the red tape and rigidity associated with old-style public administration. The Context of Public Sector Reform Global economic influences have been an important background variable in considering administrative reform. One general reason for public sector reforms internationally is to restrain public spending, lighten the bureaucratic burden and to reshape social policies that cannot be afforded (Polity and Bouckaert (2004:28).

Two Women One Struggle essays

Two Women One Struggle essays The name Ann Frank has become so popular from a required reading in high school that she needs little introduction. She was a school girl in Nazi Germany, during World War II, that was forced into hiding because she was Jewish. This particular essay gives you some of her earlier diary entries that give you a view of her life before she was in hiding. Our second essay, The long Good-Bye, was written by a women named Amanda Coyne. She gives us a look at what family life is like in a Federal prison. My essay discusses the similarities and differences between Franks point of view in writing to her friend Kitty-a diary and Coynes in reporting Mothers day at the federal prison. In both situations rights have been removed and have been replaced with more restrictions, but the women try to hold on to some of their natural habits. In Amanda Coynes essay, she observes a group of women trying to let go of their surroundings and remember what it was like on the outside by sampling each others perfumes. It seems that Charitys uncanny talent for divine brand names is perhaps nowhere on earth more appreciated than here with these sensory-starved inmates,(pg195) Coyne describes. The women in the federal prison are also limited to there dress code. Women arent allowed to wear shorts that are to short and are regularly checked by security guards. Coynes sister Jennifer tells them a story about one of the main security guards named Ponytail, She is also the toughest guard here, particularly in regards to the federal rules governing exposed skin.(pg195) These are a lot more petty the restrictions that Ann had to face. In her diary she gives us some examples, Our freed om was severely restricted by a series of anti-Jewish decrees: Jews were required to wear a yellow star; Jews were required to turn in their bicycles; Jews were forbidd ...

Carbon-13 Non Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of Steroids

Carbon-13 Non Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of Steroids Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (CMR) spectra show a marked sensitivity to such important features of chemical structure as carbon hybridization, the electronegativity of heteroatoms, branching and steric crowding. Potentially, CMR is an extremely rich source of structural data in organic chemistry, capable of rivaling or even surpassing proton magnetic resonance. In the research proposed here, we intend to develop this potential in the field of steroid chemistry. The factors which determine the CMR spectra of steroids are only modestly well understood. We have begun, and propose here to continue, a systematic study of families of closely-related steroids (keto- and hydroxy-androstanes and cholestanes) with the conviction that only through such a systematic study can the basic factors governing the CMR spectra of steroids be brought to light. We intend to quantify those factors as predictive rules which relate spectra to structures and to develop computerized methods for using t hose rules to extract structural information from the CMR spectra of unknown steroids. We also propose to develop several chemical methods (derivatization procedures) for augmenting the information-content of such spectra. Within the last twenty years, the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance†2 (NMR) has evolved from little more than a laboratory curiosity to one of the most powerful analytical tools in chemistry. The experiment itself consists of observing, in an applied magnetic field, the resonance frequencies (in the radio-frequency range) of magnetic nuclei in a liquid chemical sample. The analysis of NMR spectra yields chemical shifts and coupling constants which reflect, respectively, the chemical environments of and the bonding or spatial relationships between atoms whose nuclei are magnetic. Because protons are magnetic, interacting particularly strongly with electromagnetic fields, and because they are present in virtually all organic compounds, proton NMR (PMR) has found broad usefulness in organic chemistry. The literature on PMR spectroscopy is huge, and frequently it is found that PMR spectra yield chemical information which would be difficult, if not impossible, to obtain by an y other method. The determination of structure and conformation, 394 the analysis of mixtures, 435 the study of rate processes6 and the elucidation of reaction mechanisms 7 have all been aided substantially by PMR techniques. Other nuclei frequently observed via NMR are F-19, P-31 and C-13. The first two are not common inorganic compounds and are thus used for more specialized studies. Carbon, by definition, occurs in all organic molecules, but only about 1isotope C-13. This, together with the fact that C-13 nuclei are almost two orders of magnitude less sensitive than protons to the NMP experiment, has hampered the widespread use of C-13 NMR (CMR) as an analytical tool for organic chemists. However, recent instrumental 8 advances such as pulsed Fourier transform techniques and 9-l 1 noise-modulated proton decoupling have made it possible to obtain natural-abundance CMR spectra of even large molecules (e.g., steroids) or low-concentration (ca. 0.05 M) samples within a reasonably short time (0.5 10 hr.). The research to date 12 indicates that C-13 chemical shifts (which constitute the primary data usually collected in the CMR experiment) cover a broad range (ca. 200 p.p.m.) relative to H-l shifts (ca. 10 – P.P.m.1, and are highly sensitive to hybridization, the electronegativity of substituents, branching, and steric crowding. Thus CMR spectroscopy is pote ntially a rich and highly useful source of structural data. As further advances in instrumental design take place, CMR spectroscopy will become an increasingly available and informative tool in organic chemistry. OBJECTIVES AND SIGNIFICANCE The research proposed herein is directed toward understanding the factors which determine C-13 chemical shifts in steroids and toward developing computer-based methods whereby a chemist can obtain structural information from spectra of unknown steroids. This class of compounds was chosen for two reasons. First, the steroid skeleton is more or less rigid, providing a relatively controlled framework within which to study the effects of steric hindrance and other geometrical factors upon C-13 shifts. Second, a great fraction of steroid and natural products chemistry involves the identification or verification of steroid structures, and thus we expect our results to be of significant practical utility. At the current level of understanding of C-13 chemical shifts, it is not now possible to predict the CMR spectrum of a given steroid with much certainty, although by referring to simple model systems, one can often rationalize the signs and general magnitudes of the spectral changes which take place when the nature and position of substituents are altered. It is now a challenging problem simply to assign the spectrum of a known steroid, that is to identify which observed peaks belong to which carbons. The first definitive study of the CMR of steroids was presented only four years ago by Roberts et al. 13 – In that report, the assigned spectra of nearly thirty assorted steroids are presented, with the assignment task accomplished ’I using specific single- frequency and off-resonance proton decoupling, hydroxyl acetylation effects on chemical shifts, deuteration, and substituent influences in analogous -6- compounds.† Since then, several other authors 14 have reported research on the CMR of steroids, but only recently has the systematic study 15,16 of families of closely related steroids begun. We have reported 16 the assigned spectra of fourteen keto-substituted androstanes and cholestanes, where the keto group occupies every possible position around the skeleton. We are currently collecting data on a similar series of hydroxy-substituted steroids, and work is also in 17 progress on the series of steroids containing one endocyclic double-bond. The initial stage or our proposed research is to complete the hydroxyl series and to obtain the CMR spectra of several bifunctional (e.g., dihydroxy and keto-hydroxy) steroids. With such a collection of systematic data available, we will be able to study the influence upon C-13 shifts of these three types of functionality, alone and in combination, which are by far the most common types occur-ing in natural steroids. From these data, we expect to be able to extract rules which will allow the accurate prediction of CNR spectra of steroids containing these groups. Zffrcher’*-20 has derived an extremely useful set of rules relating skeletal substitutions in steroids to changes in the PMR shifts of protons in angular methyl groups. The C-13 rules we seek will relate not only to angular methyl groups but to all carbons in the skeleton, and will thus provide a great deal more information than the Zircher rules. These CNK rules will also form the base for our proposed work in the computerized interpretation of CNR data (vide infra). – As the second portion of our work, we propose a study of reversible derivatization procedures which will aid in the assignment of the spectra of known steroids, and in the analysis of the spectra of unknown -7- steroids. Roberts and co-workers 13 have found that acetylation of a hydroxyl group in a steroid produces characteristic changes, due primarily to steric effects, in the shifts of carbons close to that group. They have used this effect in assigning such shifts. We propose to study the effects of other hydroxyl-group derivatives, specifically, the 2,4,6- trimethylbenzene (benzoates themselves, in our hands, have not shown any advantages over acetates), trifluoroacetate and the trimethylsilyl ether. These derivatives have different steric and electronic properties than do acetates, and should thus produce different patterns of spectral change, providing a convenient means of augmenting the information-content of ordinary CMR spectra. We also propose to observe the C-13 shift changes which take place upon cyclic ketalization of carbonyl groups, and we expect that such changes will be useful in determining the local environment of keto groups on steroids. It has been found 21,22 that the presence of a paramagnetic complexing agent (e.g., a †lanthanide shift† reagent) causes large changes in C-13 chemical shifts of alcohols and ketones. These changes can be related to the geometry of the complex, which reflects the geometry of the Alcohol or ketone itself. We intend to explore the use of such shift-reagents in assisting the interpretation of steroidal CHR spectra. Of particular interest will be the difference between JA- and p-hydroxy steroids: It is expected that the grossly different steric environments of axial vs. equatorial hydroxyl groups will have a pronounced effect upon the geometry of the complex, and thus, very different lanthanide shift patterns should result. If so, the effect should provide a convenient means for distinguishing the stereochemistry of sterols. -8- A third facet of the proposed research involves the development of computerized techniques for automatically extracting structural information from CMR spectra. This represents a logical growth of our Heuristic DENDRAL project, 23-28 an eight-year joint effort between our laboratories and the Departments of Genetics and Computer Science. The purpose of the project is to develop applications of heuristic programming (†artificial intelligence†) to problems in chemical inference, with the bulk of the effort directed toward the computerized interpretation of mas s-spectroscopic (MS) data. In the early DENDRAL research, 24,25 only saturated, acyclic, monofunctional compounds were treated, but we have recently reported the successful identification of the structures cf estrogenic steroids 25 (and mixtures thereof 27 ) via the computerized interpretation of MS data. As the complexity of compound classes has increased, we have felt a growing need for sources of structural data other than MS. CMR data show a sensitivity to stereochemistry and substituent placement which complements, rather than duplicates, MS-derived information, and thus CMR is the ideal candidate. We have demonstrated 28 the feasibility of using CMR data in automated structure analysis. Using a detailed and accurate set of predictive rules 29 for saturated, acyclic amines, we have constructed a computer program which can †reason out† the structure of such an amine, starting from its empirical formula and CMR spectrum. A similar effort is proposed for the steroids (at least, those containing endocyclic double bonds, carbonyl groups and hydroxyl substituents) in which structural information would be inferred from CMR data using accurate predictive rules. This information could then be integrated with the results obtained from derivatization or special CMR techniques, 9- and (if necessary) from MS analysis to yield possible structures. Not only would such a system have substantial utility, but it would represent an important advance in the †state of the art† in both CMR spectroscopy and chemical information-processing. A. CMR Spectra of Steroids We plan to complete the series of sterols by synthesizing [emailprotected], [emailprotected], 74-, 9+, lbc-, 14ti-, 16x- and 176- androstanols or cholestanols, whose CMR spectra (pulsed Fourier-transform spectra, obtained at 25 Mhz. using noise modulated proton decoupling) will be recorded and assigned. We have worked out likely synthetic pathways for the preparation of these using commonly accepted procedures and starting from compounds available in our laboratories. In order to test the extent of additivity relationships and of various interactions of substituents, we shall similarly synthesize and record the spectra of two or three dozen dihydroxy and keto-hydroxy androstanes and cholestanes. The candidates chosen will depend upon the results of the analysis of the monofunctional steroids. Using statistical procedures similar to those of Dalling and Grant, 30 and of Lindeman and Adams, 31 we shall attempt to correlate s/structural variables with chemical shifts, the goal being the derivation of an accurate set of substituent parameters for steroids. In assessing the effects of steric crowding and skeletal distortion, we plan to utilize a computerized, classical-mechanical model of the molecular structure, such as the Westheimer-type models recently reviewed by Schleyer. B. Derivatization We propose to analyze the changes in C-13 shifts which take place when the hydroxyl group in several of the above androstanols and cholestanols is derivatized to the 2,4,6-trimethylbenzene, trifluoroacetate and trimethylsilyl ether. We propose similarly to investigate the effects of ketalizing (with ethylene glycol) several androstenone and cholestanones. We propose to analyze the effects of lanthanide shift reagents (in varying concentrations) upon the CMR spectra of several of the hydroxy- and keto-steroids, with particular emphasis upon pairs of sterols which differ only in the orientation of the hydroxyl group. These investigations will be directed toward the development of a repertoire of non-destructive, chemical methods for increasing the ’information available from CMR spectra. C. Computerized Interpretation of CMR data There are three phases to our proposed research in this area, all of which will make use of the heuristic programming techniques developed in our DENDRAL project. First, we intend to develop a program to assist in the assignment of spectra obtained in; arts A and B, using currently available techniques (i.e., using rules for acyclic systems together with analogies from appropriate model systems). The purpose here is twofold: On one hand, such a program will hasten a time-consuming procedure (in our work, the assignment of spectra requires about as much time as the preparation of samples and the recording of spectra, combined), while on the other hand, it will provide a context within which to develop techniques applicable to the more difficult problem of structure identification. Specifically, we will need methods for express; ing CMR rules as efficient computer code, and for deciding whether a good, unambiguous fit occurs between predicted and observed data. Secondly, we intend to u tilize the rules derived in part A, together with derivatization information from B, to write what is called a †planning† program in the DENDRAL terminology. Such a program is designed to examine the spectrum of an unknown and, referring to a set of heuristics, to attempt to verify the presence or absence of specific structural features in the unknown. Whereas the predictive rules allow one to predict a spectrum from a given structure, the heuristics represent transformations of the rules which allow one to infer structural information from a given spectrum. The primary challenge in constructing the planning program will be the design of heuristics which are as informative as possible, yet which run efficiently. This program will be a useful analytic tool in itself and will be used in the third phase of our proposed research. This third phase will involve merging the planning program with the existing DENDRAL system, which analyzes MS data for steroids. Modifications will be made to the structure generation program, which can construct all possible sets of acyclic substituents from a given set of atoms and attach those substituents in all possible ways to a given cyclic skeleton. The structure generator now makes use of IISplanner information, constructing only those steroids which are consistent with it. We shall modify the algorithm to make use of the output from both the MS and the CMR planners, and shall extend the algorithm to consider questions of stereochemistry, which are currently ignored. We believe that the augmented DENDRAL s ystem will have the capacity to identify, unambiguously, the structures of a wide variety of steroids using information from just these two spectroscopic sources. The programs will be written in the LISP language, and will thus be compatible with the rest of the DENDRAL system. Computer time on the PDP-10 will be provided through the NIH-funded SUMEX facility at Stanford, and we request no support in this proposal for computer facilities. Programs developed in our proposed research will be available to the scientific community over the ARPA computer network.

School Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

School Violence - Essay Example The nation’s experiences on the juvenile violence’s have been disturbing to most of the people throughout the country. The situation has been worse especially the shootings that are happening in the locality. For instance, in our case is Ian who is a 15-year old student who is in possession of an armed gun. He took it from the parent’s cabinets and sneaked it to school where he commits a serious crime. The boy is a high school student and lives with the parents in the Southern where he attends school on a daily basis. Ian, like many other teenagers is short temperamental and resistive to corrections. He gets offended very first due to trivial issues and can easily cause harm. However, Ian lacks the attention he deserves as a teenager and his parents are less available due to work conditions. The teachers on the other hand, teach generally and follow their time schedule strictly. Ian thus lacks the support and the general life qualities (Altun & Baker, 2010). It was a normal school day and everything moved on swiftly without interactions. As it was the case with the assignments submissions, the teacher was not pleased with Ian’s work. As the students were dispersed after the school activities, the teacher called him aside. As Ian explained, the teacher was making un recommendable comment to him before he less knew of what to reply to the teacher he had withdrawn the gun he sneaks to school with and shot the teacher. This was a violent reaction that Ian did not understand and was extremely aggressive. According to McGee and DeBernardo (1999), they figure facts that being a loner as Ian was with less support could lead to a person straying away or rather an indication that moves someone away from the cultural norms as well as committing serious violent behavior. A further research done on the same, what causes someone to be a loner, found that the males

Law of Business Associations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law of Business Associations - Essay Example James and Patrick also have the stakes of an accounting firm. This is the same accounting company that handles the accounts of Noosa Group. These three directors own the stakes of Noosa Company equally, each one of them owns 2000 shares, out of the total 6000 shares that the company holds. The company has not paid dividends to its shareholders. Instead they have invested their profits, back into other businesses of the company, with the aim of achieving their long term goals of the organization. Harris’ wife gets sick, and he needs some money to take her to hospital. He is unemployed, unlike the two other directors, who run an accounting firm. He does not have the money to treat her wife, and approaches the other directors to ask them if he company could start paying dividends to its directors. The other directors refuse, and when he decides to sell his shares, they refuse to buy him out. They force him to resign on the account that he is against the long term goals of the org anization. He is forced to resign, although he does it reluctantly. Issue This case has several issues: a) Disagreement between directors. b) Interference of Personal Interests in the Company. c) Company Responsibilities to the shareholders. The directors of Noosa Group are in disagreement. They have disagreed over the conflicting interest of the company. They are divided into two major groups. One side of the group wants the company to start paying dividends to its shareholders, while the other group has refused to approve that request, on claims that it will interfere with the long term goals of the organization. It is the responsibility of a company to declare dividends whenever they make profits. This means that the company is also in breach. The shareholders of the company should also be shown the company’s accounts, whenever they want to see them. The finance the company, and also make key decisions of the company. Therefore, they are entitled to knowing whatever is goi ng on, and how the company is spending their money. Noosa refused to disclose its books of accounts to Harris. Later, Harris discovers that the company has been overpaying the accounting firm that is in charge of managing Noosa. The company is directed by James and Patrick. This is another issue of personal interest interferes in the company. Rule The law gives shareholders and directors the power to make key decisions of the firm (Fu-Lai, 2007). They are the key stakeholders of the company, and hence should be given information about all the major operations of the company (Lui, 2005). They should see the audited accounts of the firm, whenever they demand to do so. Each shareholder has power to vote, in the decision making process of the company. The voting power is decided by the weight of their shares, which is dictated by the number of shares that one owns (Hamilton, & Gray,2009). The higher the number of shares, the stronger the vote becomes. The directors of the company are al so forbidden from running another business, whose interest and that of their company conflicts (Halwey, 2011). Application In this case, there is a breach of the company’s law. First, the company refused to show Harris their accounting records. Harris is an equal shareholder to the rest of the directors, and

The Light Of Freudian Psychology Essay Example for Free

The Light Of Freudian Psychology Essay The influence of psychoanalytic theory upon contemporary thought is difficult to overstate, and equally difficult to quantify. Fundamental concepts of a dynamic unconscious, repression, ego, infantile sexuality, and the Oedipus complex have passed into popular discourse. Psychoanalysis is the root of all contemporary forms of psychotherapy, and as a clinical modality has had an enormous impact on the treatment of mental illness and on the fields of psychology and psychiatry, though this influence has been challenged in recent years by the rise of biological psychiatry. Though the scientific validity of its methods and premises has been hotly disputed, neuro-scientists, including Mark Solms, Antonio Damasio, Jaak Panksepp, and Joseph LeDoux, were actively conducting research in the early twenty-first century to correlate psychoanalytic ideas with the latest findings in brain science. In the humanities, psychoanalytic theory has strongly influenced approaches to literary texts, biography, history, creativity, and sociology. Freud himself was the first to apply psychoanalytic principles to the arts, through readings of Wilhelm Jensens novel Gradiva (1903), Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmanns The Sand-Man (1817), and several of William Shakespeares works; and through psycho biographical essays on Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Shakespeare, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Leonardo da Vinci. Freud also explored the implications of his ideas upon anthropology, history, and, perhaps most famously, religion, which Freud considered a primitive, quasi-psychotic projection, and which he considered at length in The Future of an Illusion (1927) and Moses and Monotheism (1939). The poet Wallace Stevens characterized Freuds influence as a whole climate of opinion, and the writings of Freud and other analysts, especially those of Jacques Lacan, have inspired countless artists and thinkers, including Andre Breton, Andre Gide, Benjamin, Thomas Mann, Rainer Maria Rilke, Jean Cocteau, Salvador Dali, Jackson Pollock, Lionel Trilling, Edmund Wilson, Jacques Derrida, Gilles Deleuze, and Slavoj Zizek; and cultural movements such as surrealism, dada, existentialism, deconstruction, and postmodernism. Psychoanalysis and Surrealism: An Exposition: The instincts and unconscious urges of humankind were heavily featured in the works of the surrealists of inter-war Europe. The link between psychoanalysis and the surrealist movement is most evident in the films of the movement. Before examining to what extent the surrealists (in particular, the Spanish film-maker Luis Bunuel) was influenced by Sigmund Freuds writings, I will first briefly present Freuds various models of the mind. Freuds scientific process was anything but static he constantly changed his theoretical framework, as he encountered discrepancies between the theories and his practical experiences during the continuing treatment of patients. The affect/trauma model, a result of Freuds studies of hysteria, focused on the repressed memories of patients. The goal was relief of the symptoms by forcing the patient to remember, a cathartic cure. The dramatic nature of the cure caused this particular version of Freuds work to be prominently featured in Hollywood movies dealing with psychoanalysis. The next stage in Freuds development of a model of the human mind was the topographical model, which he held from 1897 to the early 20s. This model divided the mind into three agencies; the conscious (being the immediately accessible thoughts and feelings), the pre-conscious (not immediately recallable, a reservoir of what can be remembered) and the unconscious (repressed feelings and thoughts which influence actions even though we are not aware of them). Through psychoanalytic treatment the patient can become aware of his repressed motives, making the unconscious conscious. The topographical movement was very much in tune with the Surrealist philosophy on the importance of the irrational. The start of the 1920s saw the emergence of Freuds main project, his structural model. After observing how many patients did not seem to want to get better, Freud came to the conclusion that the topographical model overestimated the importance of instincts. His new personality model consisted of the id, the ego and the super-ego. The id compares broadly with the unconscious, representing aggression and primitive instincts. The id is innate, not learned through socialisation. The ego enables a person to master his instincts; it is the rational part of the personality. Lastly, the super-ego is the part of the ego that is observing and criticising the self. Built up through socialisation and internalising the values of the parents, the super-ego is the moral part of the personality. The surrealist movement arose as a result of the Dadaist movement which existed during the First World War and shortly thereafter. The growing awareness of the horrors of the Great War destroyed any belief in the romantic innocence of the past. One of the results was the surrealists, who inherited from Dada the contempt for traditional bourgeois culture and the classical aesthetics of art for arts sake. Born out of artistic and literary circles and with the writer Andre Breton the closest thing to a leader of the movement, the members of the movement were primarily writers and painters, and not filmmakers. Nevertheless, the surrealist movement was one of the first to acknowledge the importance of the new medium of film. Film was used as inspiration to boost creativity for prose and paintings. Interestingly, the surrealists preferred the popular Hollywood films, because the films were not part of bourgeois art, but of a new anti-art medium. Artists like Man Ray and Hans Richter started experimenting with cinema towards a surreal end. Co-operation between filmmakers and painters also took place, like Luis Bunuel and Salvador Dalis partnership in making Un chien Andalou. The special surrealist sensibility needs to be considered. It was a world view, a philosophical and active position approaching life and art. The surrealists celebrated the unconscious as a liberating force, to escape the deadening pressures of the rational, civilised world. The realistic attitude, according to Breton, clearly seems to me to be hostile to any intellectual or moral advancement (Breton 6). Dreams are more real than reality. The surrealists made use of drugs and hypnotism to reach into the dream-like state of their selves, to see the true reality behind the everyday appearances. Unconventional and subjective, dreams hold no logical and rational restraints to true creativity. The surrealist method of automated writing (ecriture automatique) is pure mental automatism, writing from a passive state, avoiding moral, religious and logical restrictions. This state of true authenticity closely resembles Freuds method of free association. Bunuels early movies Un chien Andalou and Lage dor show the influence of free association and to what great extent surrealism shocked the bourgeois sensibilities of the time. Filled with attacks on the numbing influences of the state and church, Bunuels 1928 debut became a resounding success, much to his chagrin. Bourgeois traditional circles were praising its high art and aesthetics. Bunuel asked how they could, when the film clearly was a passionate call to murder? Bunuel on Un chien Andalous famous eyeball-slitting sequence that opens the film and his career: To produce in the spectator a state which could permit the free association of ideas, it was necessary to provoke a near traumatic shock at the very beginning of the film. The irrational montage that follows necessitates a purging of rationality, relying on emotional and unconscious impact to carry the film. Incongruent jumps in time and space abound, like when the protagonist is shot by his alter-ego, only to in the falling motion end up in a park, briefly clutching the shoulder of a statue-like woman. In trying to make sense of the images, the viewer must negotiate with the unconscious. The young man is fighting his own unconscious urges for the young woman. In one remarkable scene he strains against the combined weight of a piano, a donkey and two priests an absurdly humorous representation of the repressive forces of bourgeois culture and religion. While Un chien Andalou can be seen as a piece of cinematic poetry, Bunuel used the dramatic language of cinema to its fullest in the revolutionary Lage dor in 1930. Lage dor, Bunuels next movie, has the main character of Modot incarnating the wild, untamed power of love and sexuality that threatens the institutions of family, state and church. The lovers Modot and Lya Lys are constantly thwarted in their unacceptable passion by society. Modot can be seen as representing the unconscious in its free, anarchic aspect, while the repressive society is the aggregate super-ego. Modot has no tolerance for the trappings of society; they are but obstacles to the fulfilment of his desires. An example is the way he slaps the mother at the dinner party, and when he kicks the blind man. Eros is closely tied up with Thanatos. A particularly poetic piece of surrealism is the scene where Lya Lys is gazing into her mirror, which reflects a cloudy sky. The sounds of wind, bells and barking link the two lovers together even if they are miles apart. Rarely has the power of the unconscious to overcome the boundaries of reality been more brilliantly evoked. Freudian psychology played an important, if somewhat unacknowledged, role in surrealist thinking. However, the surrealists were highly eclectic, they borrowed from Freud whatever suited their purpose in whichever form they saw fit. Their goal was to change the view of mankind, not to offer any objective, scientific contribution to the field of psychology. The very idea of a controlled science was alien to them, held that their own ideas were more subtle and profound than that of any science. Even if the method of automated writing closely resembles free association, the surrealists never directly acknowledged Freud for it. The difference between the two positions can be seen in that Freuds method of free association held that one should keep to the original notion that started the association, whereas the surrealists were vehemently opposed to this idea. For them, this was to unnecessarily repress and limit the expression of a free spirit. The surrealists were influenced by Freuds topographical model, before the development of the structural model of the 20s. The concept of the super-ego in the structural model was exactly what the surrealists wanted to destroy, the image of the moralistic bourgeois society. Its very existence was anathema to the surrealist world view. It follows that parts of the movement (accentuated after the increasing politicisation of the movement in the 30s into communist and non-communist camps) were suspicious of Freuds bourgeois nature in his theories on the super-ego. Direct meetings between Freud and the surrealists were somewhat of a disappointment to both parties, the surrealists were let down over the fact that Freud privately was quite the bourgeois gentleman, whereas Freud was dismayed by the frivolous nature of the surrealists. The unconscious as a liberating force is central to the films of Bunuel and to the surrealist movement in general. For the surrealists the unconscious is a spring-well of pure art, devoid of the degenerating effects of reality. Bunuels style thrived on bringing the unconscious to the surface of reality, thus enmeshing it with reality. As opposed to this central theme in surrealist productions, Freud postulated a sharp divide between reality and dreams. The Freudian concepts of condensation and displacement were also used widely in surrealism, again unacknowledged. Still, Breton gave thanks to Freud in his Manifesto of Surrealism for his discoveries on the mental world. Applauding Freud for applying his faculties to the study of dreams, Breton writes that it is inadmissible that this considerable portion of psychic activity has still today been so grossly neglected (Breton 10). Whereas the surrealists examined the dream-state for its freedom from logic restraints, Freud studied dreams for uncovering problems evident in the awakened state. For instance, the Freudian psychologies of dreams play an important part in Bunuels films. Both Belle de Jour and The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie make frequent use of the dream-vehicle. In Belle de Jour the dreams act as wish-fulfilment of the repressed sexual desires of Severine, and in Discreet Charm the dreams of the bourgeoisie represent their fear of the unmasking of their superficial world (witness the scene where the bourgeoisie suddenly find themselves eating dinner on the stage of a theatre). The surrealist view of the unconscious is indebted to the unconscious of Freuds topographical model. The difference is in the motives and reasoning behind the use of the unconscious. Freud wanted to understand the human psyche, while the surrealists were on a mission of liberation and freedom. Perhaps both parties had more in common than they cared to admit, regardless of their differing cultural framework. WORKS CITED: 1) Anzieu, D. Freuds Self-Analysis. Translated by Peter Graham. London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-analysis, 1986. 2) Breton, A. Manifestoes of surrealism 1969. 3) Mellen, J (ed). The worlds of Luis Bunuel 1978.

Irony in The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin Essay -- American Literat

In "The Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin, there are many moments when Chopin's craft of writing feeds the irony of the story. One perfect example, "assure himself of its truth by a second telegram" (772). This sentence subdued me into believing that Mrs. Mallard's husband was dead, when in fact, we learn that he never died. In addition, Mrs. Mallard is a woman with a strong sense of passion and detest. In the end, she dies by the nature of story. Chopin brings a style of writing that has irony. In the beginning of the story, Chopin's introduces you to the heart trouble that afflicts Mrs. Mallard. Her condition is significant later because this ailment drives the story. However, the notion of this heart condition can be overlooked as being meaningless. Many readers could argue that this heart condition foreshadowed the climax of the story instantaneously but it does not. In the end of the story, we realize the significance of her sickness. It was a clever way to secretly introduce the weakness that ends Mrs. Mallard's life. Another, well deceptive measure used by Chopin'...

A Study on Accenture and an Analysis of its Ethical Culture Essay

The current paper intends to make an in-depth investigation and analysis of the ethical culture and performance of a large organization which can be a prospective employer to the members of the workforce. This paper will discuss on Accenture, as a competitive international company, and how it promotes ethical culture with its operations. Accenture is a global management consulting, technology services and outsourcing company. Dedicated to delivering innovation, it works in partnership with its clients to help them become high-performance businesses and governments. Accenture can muster the right people, skills and technologies to help clients improve their performance with deep industry and business process expertise, broad global resources and a proven track record,. Their â€Å"high performance business† strategy builds on their proficiency in consulting, technology and outsourcing to help clients perform at the highest levels so they can create sustainable value for their customers and shareholders. They discover new business and technology trends and develop solutions to help their clients using the industry’s knowledge, service-offering skill and technology capabilities. Accenture is known for their strengths that distinguishes them in the marketplace. They are known for their extensive industry expertise, broad and continuously evolving service offerings, expertise in transforming business outsourcing, history of innovation and implementation, including their research and development capabilities, on which they spend about $250 million a year, and the commitment of their employee to long-term development and their distinctive management team with such proven experiences. As professionals, we intend to pursue a career in an organization which will not only promise financial stability, but an organization which will guarantee professional and personal growth. An organization which will open us a world of opportunities, where we can harness our skills and discover more of our potentials and where we can find self-worth as being valuable assets for them. Most importantly, we should look for an organization which gives high regard to its environment and looks after the welfare of its people. Moving further along our career paths, one of our priorities is to have a clear layout of what we envision our future to be, one of the biggest concerns are the organizations that we might have the chance to work with, and Accenture has always been one of the top choices of professionals today. Many believe that Accenture works beyond the scope of their nature, with their excellent business performance and their involvement in ethical culture, Accenture is indeed a socially responsible organization. Body: Grounded in a set of founded values, Accenture have long embraced and consistently strived to apply these in their daily work, these core values have served as a range to guide their decision-making at a company and individual level. Together, they have put these values into practice and have constructed a deeply skilled, world-class and globally competitive company. Their steadfast dedication to these values is essential to ensure that they will operate with the highest ethical standards and achieve their vision, which is to become one of the world’s leading companies, bringing constant advancements to improve the world works and lives. These core values are as follows: First is â€Å"stewardship†, wherein they are geared to build a heritage of generations, acting with an owner mentality, developing people in everywhere they go and meeting their commitments to all their stakeholders, both internal and external. Second value is â€Å"best people†, in which they are dedicated to attracting and developing the best talents for the business, stretching their people and harnessing them to develop a â€Å"cam do† attitude. Client value creation† is their third value, in which they are focused in improving their clients’ business performance, creating long-term, win-win relationships and focusing on execution excellence. The next value is â€Å"one global network† which involves the mustering the power of teaming to deliver constantly exceptional service to their clients around the world. Another value is â€Å"respect for individual† in which they are geared to valuing diversity, ensuring an inclusive and interesting environment, and treating people the way they would like to be treated. Lastly but definitely not the least is â€Å"integrity† wherein they are engaged in inspiring trust by taking responsibility, acting ethically, and encouraging honest and open debates. An essential part of their identity is being a good corporate citizen. They support their people’s passion in bringing positive and lasting change to their communities, and they bring their efforts of corporate citizenship to the same principles of high performance that they apply to work with their clients. As a global organization, Accenture believes that they have a role; they have the responsibility to proactively engage with the communities they live and work. Corporate citizenship fosters motivation, employee pride and communal awareness through a methodical framework which, anchored by a strong set of core values and Code of Business Ethics, drives stability and precision across their businesses and workforces. One of Accenture’s policies is flexible working, which allows staff to spend more time at home and allows the company to retain key employees who may otherwise decided against working for Accenture. Accenture continually reviews how the employees are experiencing their flexible working arrangements to guarantee that changeover is as smooth and successful as possible for everyone involved. In line with the Core Value of Best People, Accenture identifies the priceless contribution of all its employees in attaining business objectives and be set to provide an environment which is both conducive and supportive to combining parenthood with a career in the organization. (http://www. wherewomenwanttowork. com) Since the paper intends to discuss Accenture as an organization who adopts ethical culture. We will be discussing what ethical culture in a generalized level is and how it can be achieved by an organization. What is generally referred to as â€Å"ethical culture† is actually a conception that puts together two distinct systems—ethical culture and ethical climate. It is of the essence to take a thoroughly look at both systems in order to fully comprehend â€Å"ethical culture. † Ethical culture looks at how an organization displays and teaches the extent to which it regards its values. Explicitly, the ethical culture of an organization: teaches employees whether doing the right thing matters; makes doing what is right expected; and includes formal ethics program elements, reward and punishment systems, and organizational myths. (ethical culture – executive summary. pdf). Ethical culture takes in the rules, roles, and values that inform ethical conduct. It is the circumstance of conformity behavior, risk managing, business strategy and growth. (http://www. itapintl. com/ethicalculturepractice. htm) An organization has to gauge and assess that culture in a manner that can then lead to realistic steps to closing gaps and reducing risks of unethical, if not criminal conduct, if it needs to manage its corporate culture to sustain ethical standards. The ethics of an organization are the composite of the ethics of its employees and managers. An organization needs to know whether its people embrace the values necessary to move the organization towards its ethical goals. An organization is only as ethical as its leaders. Leaders must not only demonstrate a high degree of personal uprightness, but must also represent the values necessary to create an ethical environment within the organization. Being respected encourages a sense of engagement and willingness to participate in building an ethical culture. Business leaders have thus a heavy accountability, but one for which they are more than ever well suited. Leaders have the command to contour the culture of their organizations. What is needed in the business world is a better perceptive of what ethical culture means and how business leaders can make the most impact. Leaders should work to create a values-based ethics program that also encourages compliance with the law. In addition, they ought to demonstrate their apprehension for the interests of internal and external stakeholders and commit to making the needs of others a business precedence (Trevino, et al. , 1999). Finally, they must remember that ethical leadership requires modeling, coaching, and careful communication. A dynamic ethical culture gives organizations a high degree of comfort that it can bear up challenges to its integrity. Best practices have shown that key attributes such as these point toward a healthy ethical culture: Employees feel a sense of responsibility and accountability for their actions and for the actions of others, employees freely heave issues and concerns without fear of retribution, managers sculpt the behaviors they demand of others, managers correspond the importance of integrity when making complex decisions, leadership understands the pressure points that coerce unethical performance, leadership develops processes to identify and remedy those areas where pressure points occur. h Employees and managers understand why doing the right thing is important for the organization’s long-term feasibility, and they have the strength of mind, audacity and independence to see that the right thing gets done in an ethical culture. An ethical culture supports self-governing thinking employees and managers who make decisions unfailing with the organization’s values. The challenge is shaping how to get to this state, and whether the tools in place to gauge and examine performance of the ethics program are adequate to gauge whether ample advancement is being made. Many organizations have set expectations for ethical behavior and are working towards maintaining a strong â€Å"tone from the top. † However, many of these same organizations really don’t know whether their employees and managers will demonstrate integrity in their actions when they are under pressure, and immediate business objectives loom large in front of them. As the former director of accounting at WorldCom, Buford Yates, Jr. said as he was sentenced to a year in prison for his role in the fraud, that when faced with a decision that required moral courage, he takes the easy way out. Corporate culture is made up of collective values of employees and managers that are reflected in their collective actions. Companies must therefore be conscious of the variety of values held by its employees if it is to be able to shape and guide its culture towards supporting the kinds of ethical behaviors needed to reduce the risk of ethics indignities and criminal prosecution. (http://www. workingvalues. com/Risk_WhitePaper. pdf) Culture is different, and is measured differently. An organization’s culture is not something that is created by senior leadership and then rolled out. A culture is an objective depiction of the organization, for better or worse. Culture is the sum total of all of the collective values and behaviors of all of its employees, managers, and leaders. By characterization it can only be calculated by criteria that mirror the individual values of all employees. Therefore, understanding cultural susceptibilities that can lead to ethics issues requires comprehension of what encourages all of the employees and how the innumerable of human behaviors and interactions fit together like puzzle pieces to create a whole picture of the organization. An organization moves towards an ethical culture only if it understands the full range of values and behaviors needed to meet its ethical goals. The â€Å"full-spectrum† organization is one that creates a positive sense of engagement and purpose which drives ethical behavior. A dynamic ethical culture gives organizations a high degree of comfort that it can endure challenges to its integrity. (http://www. workingvalues. com/Risk_WhitePaper. pdf) Most of the organizations have a policy that proscribes retaliation against those who bring forward apprehensions or claims. On the other hand, creating a culture where employees feel secure enough to admit inaccuracies and to raise uncomfortable issues requires more than a policy (Legal Risk Management) and â€Å"code training† (Integrity Risk Management). To truly build up an ethical culture, the organization must be aware of how their managers deal with these issues up and down the line, and how the values they exhibit impact preferred behaviors. The organization must understand the demands its people are under and how they act in response to those pressures. The organization must know how its managers correspond and whether employees have a sense of responsibility and purpose. Determining whether an organization has the capabilities to put in place such a culture requires cautious assessment. Like do employees and managers demonstrate values such as respect? Or do employees feel accountable for their actions and feel that they have a stake in the success of the organization? These factors may well determine the success of â€Å"code training† on fear of retribution. Visibility sets in motion on with corporate executives. Everyone is in a unique position to demonstrate leadership on ethical issues, showing investors and the organization’s employees that ethics and values are inherent in the business. To create a culture of ethics, talk explicitly about ethics and values. Demonstrate values through every decision being made. Make certain that employees know that they can ask for explanation of policies or report possible wrongdoing or transgression without fear of retaliation. Through being an example, managers and employees will be better able to be aware of ethical issues and understand the company’s serious commitment to ethical choices. Good leadership is more than rousing speeches or motivating statements printed at the front of a company’s code of conduct. The employees may listen to what the management says but they will remember what they do. Ethical attitudes can’t be bonded onto the foundation of the organization—they have to be woven in. The management’s example and leadership will help to permeate the corporate culture with good ethical values. Upholding a strong ethical culture is indispensable for acting in accordance with with the laws and regulations, but this alone cannot be the stimulus for ethical culture building. Further than the large impact an organization’s culture has on the bottom line, the development of programs to cultivate ethical conduct must sustain a focal point on fairness, encouragement, and communication at all employee levels. Along these lines, employees must be given the suitable tools and representations to align their behavior with company culture and employ in ethical decision-making. The attitudes, choices, and actions of business leaders take part in a most important role in the creation of an organization’s ethical culture and environment; expectations for employees’ ethical behavior can only be set as high as the organization’s leadership is willing to meet. A leader’s capacity to consistently encourage ethical conduct in an organization is critical to making certain that employees understand how to make â€Å"doing what is right† a priority. (ethical culture – executive summary. pdf).

Philippine Land Law Expert Chatbot Essay

The researchers tend to work on an expert system with integration of Philippine land laws. They chose to focus on land laws since one of the major problems of the Filipinos who seek law experts’ advice are due to land. The researchers deliberates the possible ways on how can they share knowledge and guidance that works like a real lawyer advising a client but have not taking an account to replace to seek a real land law experts guidance. Also, putting an expertise into a machine happens in many ways. So, the researchers find a way on constructing an expert system on Philippine land law using different techniques. In giving solution to the stated problem of the researchers, this study implements techniques such as Natural Language Processing (NLP) with sub-processes of Tokenizing, Part-of-Speech Tagging, and Parsing for input abstraction and validation, as well as Natural Language Generation (NLG) for the construction of answer/s. The developed system entitled, â€Å"PHILEX: Philipine Land Law Expert Chatbot† focused on providing answers to the user’s questions. Such users who are in need of information, assistance and knowledge and those who seek counselling in regards to any Philippine land law or land rights can benefit from the said expert system but must always know that the researchers do not intend to substitute the land law professionals. Upon various tests that the researchers conducted aiming to know the accuracy, specificity and sensitivity of the system, researchers came up with such conclusions. A technique, Precision and Recall, was used to test the system’s capability of answering the user’s questions relying from correct result (true positive or tp), missing result (false negative of fn), unexpected result (false positive of fp), and correct abscence of result (true negative or tn). This study also intends to identify the evaluation of the experts when it comes to sy stem’s user-friendliness, speed of response, and completeness. Five (5) land law experts chose twenty (20) test questions used to assess the system’s competency. Conclusion made by the experts based on the results is PHILEX, being the system for giving answers to user’s questions pertaining to Philipine land laws, is acceptable as a reliable source of knowledge and guidance without intending to replace the professional practitioners. The system got an overall percentage in terms of accuracy, a 75%, specificity with the percentage rate of 55% and sensitivity with 80.8%. Summing up the scores in terms of user-friendliness, speed of response, and completeness resulted to an overall weighted mean of 4.36, 4.32, and 4.16 respectively, interprets that the system as an acceptable tool for land law consulations. In the future, the authors would like to extend their work and knowledge by making the system possible to access by everyone through web or what we called â€Å"web-base application†.

Free Essays on India Culture

India Business etiquette and culture What you should know before negotiating. Â · In India, "outside" information and new concepts will be accepted only if they do not contradict prevailing religious beliefs and social structures. Â · Indians tend to think associatively, largely because the country's educational system places a heavy emphasis on rote learning. Indian business people with a higher education, however, are often more abstract, analytical thinkers. Â · In Indian business culture, perceptions of the truth tend to be guided by feelings; a strong faith in religious ideologies is also common. Â · An argument appealing to both feelings and faith will often be more convincing to an Indian than one using only objective facts and empirical evidence. Â · The caste system remains one of the most important influences in Indian society. Â · Although technically there is equality under the law, inequality between the castes is an accepted reality of Indian life. Â · Because of the strong, coherent, social structure there is little anxiety about life because one knows and accepts one's place in society and the workplace. Â · Each employee plays a role in the organization; often the role is as important as the actual work the person may perform. Â · The hierarchical nature of Indian society demands that the boss is recognized as the highest individual in authority. Â · In some offices, employees may even rise each time the boss enters the room to acknowledge respect. Â · Employees do as they're told; even if they know the boss is wrong, they won't argue. Â · The boss makes all of the decisions and accepts all of the responsibility. Consequently, you'll often find that subordinates are reluctant to accept responsibility. Â · Because so many pressures are placed on the boss, qualified Indian employees often do not seek such positions of leadership. Â · Success and failure are frequently attributed to environm... Free Essays on India Culture Free Essays on India Culture India Business etiquette and culture What you should know before negotiating. Â · In India, "outside" information and new concepts will be accepted only if they do not contradict prevailing religious beliefs and social structures. Â · Indians tend to think associatively, largely because the country's educational system places a heavy emphasis on rote learning. Indian business people with a higher education, however, are often more abstract, analytical thinkers. Â · In Indian business culture, perceptions of the truth tend to be guided by feelings; a strong faith in religious ideologies is also common. Â · An argument appealing to both feelings and faith will often be more convincing to an Indian than one using only objective facts and empirical evidence. Â · The caste system remains one of the most important influences in Indian society. Â · Although technically there is equality under the law, inequality between the castes is an accepted reality of Indian life. Â · Because of the strong, coherent, social structure there is little anxiety about life because one knows and accepts one's place in society and the workplace. Â · Each employee plays a role in the organization; often the role is as important as the actual work the person may perform. Â · The hierarchical nature of Indian society demands that the boss is recognized as the highest individual in authority. Â · In some offices, employees may even rise each time the boss enters the room to acknowledge respect. Â · Employees do as they're told; even if they know the boss is wrong, they won't argue. Â · The boss makes all of the decisions and accepts all of the responsibility. Consequently, you'll often find that subordinates are reluctant to accept responsibility. Â · Because so many pressures are placed on the boss, qualified Indian employees often do not seek such positions of leadership. Â · Success and failure are frequently attributed to environm...

The effects plastic surgery has on todays youth Essay

The effects plastic surgery has on todays youth - Essay Example Sweeney has used various styles/techniques and rhetoric strategies to achieve her goal. These include appeals, cause and effect analysis, comparison and contrast, narration, description, statistics and argumentation. Evidently, she chose these strategies in order to make her point as rational and as convincing as possible to her audience, many of whom have opted for cosmetic surgery out of unhealthy motivations. She begins her essay with a narration, giving an account of Kristen who underwent cosmetic surgery at 15 to make her breasts bigger and how it has given her much confidence (Sweetney E3). By using this technique, Sweeney immediately establishes the entire essay as informal piece. This is a powerful way of capturing the attention of readers. By mentioning that this was done with the help of parents, she lightens up the mood of teenagers. Sweeney also used this technique as important background information on two important points. First, she explains that many teenagers below 18 are opting for cosmetic surgery out of unjustifiable motivations. Through this narration, she reveals that these youngsters are simply using cosmetic surgery to rush biological processes before their time is due such as having big breasts to feel like a woman when in fact they are young and have not reached puberty. She also uses this to explain that some youngsters are driven by obsession with the celebrity culture and similar actions of closer relatives. Secondly, Sweeney uses this technique to communicate the major reason driving teenagers to seek cosmetic surgery, that is, self-esteem. The youth do it to feel â€Å"normal† or to â€Å"fit in.† To convince the audience that the rise in the number of youths going for surgeries is rising crazily, Sweeney goes ahead to give statistics of the numbers of youths going for cosmetic surgery over a ten year period,

Sales and Financing DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sales and Financing DB - Essay Example As Jim’s company has recorded a high profit during the year, the tax will naturally increase at the end of the financial year. However the large purchase of inventory during the last week of December can reduce taxes as the total liabilities in the balance sheet will offset the profit earned during the year. It is perfectly legal, moral and ethical to do everything one can within the law to minimize one’s taxes as per the Tax laws. One of the most important aspects about tax reduction strategy is that a tax dollar deferred is a tax dollar saved. By legally delaying the payment of taxes until a later date, Jim can save money because he has the use of that money until he pays it to authorities next year. The taxation authorities allow one to write off all or a portion of the cost as an expense against one’s income in the current year. That will reduce the profits and thereby the tax liability on those profits. In a LIFO pattern, when one purchases inventory and how it is accounted for can affect one’s taxes. Any procedures undertaken within legal framework to reduce one’s taxes are considered perfectly ethical within the law, however manipulative they might seem otherwise. Hence Jim need not worry on this aspect and should go ahead with the end of financial year addition to his inventory. From the given facts it is clear that Lucy Shafer is running a successful dog-breeding business as she is thinking of expansion in the first place. The loan from her uncle seems quite liberal as she does not have to make any principal payments for five years which is a pretty long time and the business expansion, if successful, can easily help her to pay off the loan from her relative. Under these circumstances her decision not to disclose this information to the bank is a calculated risk which she can take. The effect of showing the loan as contributed capital will

Reflective Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflective Memo - Essay Example My first assignment on ‘Should Countries Control the Internet’ gave me an opportunity to discuss something, which I actually enjoy a lot. Discussions regarding the internet are usually my favorite. Additionally, in English 1302, writing skills such as free writing were commonly used. We also used peer reviews to help us generate ideas and put more emphasis on our writing. In as much as these sessions were challenging and complex, I can attest that there were signs of improvement when it came to generating ideas and putting them into writing. My grades kept improving during the course and that was reason enough I had improved in the course. A perfect example whereby I managed to utilize these new ideas during the writing process was while writing the project about ‘MTV’s 16 and pregnant’’ project. In doing the project, I categorized the entire project into different parts to make it easier to read and understand. Alternatively, I used electronic software in editing the entire project. In doing this, I copy pasted the word document in the software. After which, I revised the draft while still in the software. By the time I completed this process, I had done extra work on the project before posting it on the writing studio. I chose the ‘MTV’s 16 and pregnant’’ project because of its perfect illustration when it comes to the outcome. Over the semester, I have been trying my best to improve in the English 1302 course and the ‘MTV’s 16 and pregnant’ ’project, remains one of the best pieces of work I have done during the course. The entire draft is self-explanatory and does not require explanations. However, the first paragraph is a bit detailed since it is the face of the paper. The first draft generally explains all about Lowrey Annie through various themes. The main theme in the first paragraph is about some of the challenges, which teen mothers have to go through. The paragraph does not only focus on Lowrey Annie but

Will consumers choose electric cars over traditional petrol cars in Literature review

Will consumers choose electric cars over traditional petrol cars in the future - Literature review Example The other government around the world is also concerned about the carbon dioxide emission in their country (Wells, 2010, p. 132). The biggest impact of such policies and concern will have on the transportation system which is considered the biggest emitter of carbon dioxide. This will lead to a rise in the demand for cars which are more environments friendly. The main cars available in this segment are the electric cars and the cars running on bio-fuel. The UK government proposes a subsidy of up to 5000 pounds for electric cars in 2011. Germany plans to invest 500 million Euro in 2009 to develop the infrastructure for electric cars. In this context a very important debate is that whether the petrol cars will be replaced by the electric cars. However Schroder (2009, pp. 7 -10) gives a summary of the problems faced by the electric cars. According to him the technology of the electric cars are yet to match the cost efficiency, speed and the comfort of the petrol cars. According to him t here are two alternatives for the consumer. They can either purchase a comfortable but highly expensive electric car or a less mobile and less comfortable but cheaper electric car. Therefore petrol cars still provide some advantage over the electric cars.

Analysis Of Aircraft Maintenance

Analysis Of Aircraft Maintenance As everyone knows, nowadays aircraft has become the most important transportation for everything. But the most important is people who are travelling with aircraft. The lives of the people on the aircraft are important. Each and every airlines in this world today, are trying to convince people that they are the safest airliner, but the main question is, are they really safe as what they mentioned? Aircraft maintenance activities are generally divided into two categories, which are, working on-aircraft and working off-aircraft. Working on-aircraft is when the technician or the engineer has to troubleshoot, repaired, overhauled and changing parts. While working off-aircraft is when there is any parts on the aircraft been removed and need to be checked separately from the aircraft, for example aircraft battery check, which needs to be removed and taken to battery shop in order to continue inspection or charging. Normally, every approved maintenance organization must have store department that use to receive and issue every parts, component and appliances. For that reason, this store department must comply with storage regulations as stated in approved maintenance organization requirements such as EASA Part 145.A.42 and CAA CAP 562 Civil Aircraft Airworthiness Information and Procedures (CAAIP) recommendations. Aircraft is not like other transportations, everything parts that being installed on the aircraft must be genuine, neither like car, it can use a fake parts in order to safe cost. But aircraft is nothing close to that. If fake or bogus parts are being used on the aircraft, every person lives on that aircraft are in jeopardy. But today, the news of civil aviation authority and aircraft manufacturers are working hard tracking down and eliminate counterfeit parts as well as tracing aircraft parts which are lacks of documentation are all over the world. In this assignment a research, analyse, and critically evaluate of maintenance practices in a civil commercial aircraft environment, concerning the use and control of genuine and non-genuine (bogus) spare parts for aircraft use will be carried out. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS These terms and definition is taken from FAA unapproved parts investigation in accordance with the source from FAA (2011) and M. Mohamad (2003). BOGUS PARTS: Describe several parts categories, ranging from properly manufactured parts lacking required documentation to defective and deliberately counterfeited parts.Under FAA regulations, all aircraft UNAPPROVED PARTS: parts manufactured without FAA approval (specifically FARs Part 21.305 or repaired under the terms of Part 43) are unapproved parts. This catchall classification includes counterfeit parts, stolen parts, production overruns sold without authorization, parts in exceedance of their time limits, approved parts improperly returned to service, and fraudulently marked parts, or parts which have no traceability. COUNTERFEIT PARTS: Parts made of inferior properties. APPROVED PARTS: production standards (FAR 21.305). They can be approved under a Parts Manufacturer Approval (PMA), under Technical Standard Orders (TSOS), in conjunction with typecertification procedures through FAA administration approval, or by conforming to recognized Industry specifications. LIFE-LIMITED AND TIME-EXPIRED PARTS: Aircraft parts that have predetermined service lives become timed out and no longer serviceable after exceeding these prescribed limits. Illegal use of scrapped, time-expired critical parts, which do not have to be destroyed prior to disposal or sale as scrap, has been linked to several fatal aircraft accidents. APPROVED MANUFACTURER There few things an orgnanisation must look in before making parts order. This is to prevent from making order from fake manufacturer. The organisation must make sure the part from the manufacturer is approved by FAA or EASA under 14 CFR Part 21 and EASA Part 21. An approved part manufacturer must be certified as FAA-PMA (FAA-Part Manufacturer Approval) or EASA Production Organisation Approval (POA). According to the FAA web page under Suspected Unapproved Part (SUP) Program (FAA, updated 19 December 2008), the buyer or any organization who want to order parts can refer all the current approved PMA from the FAA database. According to CAA CAAIP Part 1 Leaflet 1-6 (2006:1), unapproved aircraft parts or materials classified if: Parts or materials not conform to an approved type design. Parts or materials fail to conform to declared specification or accepted industry standard (standard parts). Parts or materials marked by unauthorised source with false documentation. Parts not been maintain, overhauled or repaired in accordance with the requirements of approved airworthiness data and/or statutory requirements, or by persons not authorised to perform and certify those functions. Parts that directly shipped to the end user by manufacturers, suppliers or distributors who do not hold appropriate production approvals and not been authorised to make the direct shipment to user by Type Certificates holder. While for an approved parts buyer were advised and recommended to follow the minimum procedures prior to place any order of aircraft parts which According to FAA Advisory Circular AC 21-29C (2008:1) has mentioned the term of approved parts are produced in accordance with the means outlined in Part 21. The procedures that the buyer needs to follow are as below. Identify the distributors and/or suppliers including their documentation system and receiving inspection system meet the traceability of parts to an FAA approved source. Evaluate and cross-checked to unfamiliar distributors and/or suppliers in order to prevent from putting the aircraft parts into risk condition. Identify the significant reduce of price than the priced quoted by other distributors and/or suppliers of the same part. Identify the delivery schedule offered to other distributors and/or suppliers (when the stock of a like item is exhausted). Usually the bogus manufacturer offer shorter delivery. Sales quotes or discussions from unidentified distributors that create the perception that an unlimited supply of parts, components, or material is available to the end user. A bogus distributor and/or suppliers inability to provide substantiating documentation that the part was produced in accordance to an FAA approval, or inspected, repaired, overhauled, preserved, or altered in accordance with the CFR. Any parts, components or appliances that need to be released must has come with Statement of Conformity or Authorised Release Document which signed and stamped by an authorised personnel from the approved manufacturer. Besides all the above, the approved manufacturer must also include or have Export Certificates of Airworthiness stated under 14 CFR Part 21 Subpart L Export Airworthiness Approval by releasing FAA Form 8130-3 Airworthiness Release Tag for export. Advices from the authorities, have mentioned clearly to the buyer to put extra caution on choosing the aircraft part dealers and before attempting any purchase order. On 21st January 1992 the FAA had issued an Airworthiness Directives AD 91-24-14 (Transport Airplane Directorate Designee Newsletter, 1992:10), about the incident of Pratt Whitney JT8D series turbofan engine regarding the bogus 4-1/2 bearing seal spacer found by United Airline mechanic during routine maintenance inspection. The FAA had find out that bogus spacer was contributed to engine bearing seal deterioration and cause the engine failure which can put the flight jeopardy. Therefore all the buyer and part manufacturers must be alert on recommendation of the authority in terms or avoiding bogus part or fake part to be used on aircraft. COMPONENTS DELIVERY Choosing the approved part manufacturer is one thing. The other crucial part that any organization or part manufacturers need to look into is the components delivery. Whenever order is placed, it must be distributed by the standard couriers that have good reputation in delivering goods. The organisation or part manufacturers must make sure the components distributor or courier is recommended by both parties in order to confirm the security of the components delivery. In accordance with CAAIP (2009:6) Part 1 Leaflet 1-12 The Acceptance of Aircraft Component under point 5: Distributor, the aircraft component distributors are not required to be approved by the CAA. The components distributor also cannot raise the Authorised Release Document, not required to provide any technical expertise to confirm the status of the aircraft components. So, any component received from the distributor, it is the storage department which is end user who is responsible to request the Authorised Release Document that release by approved organisation and establish the acceptability of the components itself before any installation of the part to the aircraft can be made. There is also Other thing that can happen such If the original distributor doesnt want to pass the components documents to end user, if this happened it is acceptable if another distributor endorsed the original distributors documentation according to reference number given. Authorised Release Documentation of the aircraft component is on file, Ref. No. # # # # and will be made available to the end user upon request from that end user (CAAIP Part 1 Leaflet 1-12, 2008:6) A further advice by CAA CAAIP Part 1 Leaflet 1-6 (2006:1), if the parts are delivered by direct shipment from manufacturer, it has got to have an authorisation letter by the Type Certificates holder to do so. If any parts are shipped to the end user by direct delivery from the manufacturers, who do not hold appropriate production approval, it will then be declared as bogus parts or unapproved parts. In accordance to Advisory Circular 00-56A (2002:12), the distributor must have Distributors Certification Letter in order to improve the eligibility of the aircraft parts and products for installation to type-certificated products. This organisation is part of FAA agency that works to conform and audit the quality system of the distributor accordance to FAA recommendation. By doing this, the security of the parts delivery will be achieved in order to reduce the bogus part usage. ACCEPTANCE OF PARTS Following to the store requirements, the organization must show how they going to guarantee that all the parts received are genuine (ICAT Module 10:63). For that reason the organization must ensure all the parts are from approved source that has traceability and history. In 1992, according to the bogus part cases, FAA had mentioned to the aviation communities to be alert on current issue in Aviation Maintenance Alerts (FAA, updated on 25 April 2008). The purpose of this maintenance alert is to share any information about the current maintenance experiences especially about the bogus parts usage in order to improve aeronautical product durability, reliability and safety. Now days lot of bogus parts that looks similar to original parts. So the organisation need to be alert on this kind of situation in order to make sure only approved parts are install or use on the aircraft. STORE As an approved organisation, there are two types of store must be existed which are quarantine store and bonded store. Both storage stations must be separated in order to prevent from mixing up the serviceable and unserviceable items. Further explanations of both stores are as below. Bonded store In this storage area, all the parts are ready to be installed to the aircraft and being monitored on its shelf life and eligibility. Some organisation has placed the approved parts under their own storage reference. This way is easy to keep track the parts eligibility and all the documents can be managed in a better way. If any of the parts are issued from this storage area, it is the responsibility of the mechanic or the engineer to check the parts and appropriate documents in order to confirm its airworthiness before installed to the aircraft. This maintenance practice can help reduce the bogus parts from being used. Quarantine store All new materials which have been received from the distributor must be placed in the quarantine store first, at which time the stores inspectors will check that all items are received. Below are the procedures that need to be carried out by the store inspectors. The inspector must confirm the specification and the drawing requirements. Inspector must inspect in order to ensure the goods received are free from damage or corrosion Inspector must also noticed that the items are received with sufficient time left to enable the item to be stored for a reasonable period in the case of shelf life item The store inspector must ensure the items received are accompanied by necessary airworthiness certificate When all these procedure has been carried out and the store inspectors are satisfied, that the incoming spares are fully airworthy they will then produce a good receipt number to the item for company internal identification and traceability. All items with the serviceable tag are sent to the bonded store. Parts which are considered to be airworthy will stay in quarantine store until instructions are received for their handling. INDENTIFY AND HANDLING BOGUS PARTS According to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) system surveillance and analysis division, every organisation or distributor should create procedures before purchasing parts in order to found qualified suppliers authorized to make or move FAA approved parts. The following criteria can help identify and screen out potential SUPs suppliers: 1. Lowball prices if the price quoted or advertised is significantly lower than the price from other suppliers of the same part; 2. Suspiciously fast service if the delivery schedule for an out-of-stock part is significantly shorter than from others; 3. Data shortage if the supplier seems unable or unwilling to substantiate conformity of the part; 4. Papertrail shortage if the supplier seems slow, or unable to document FAA approval for the part. If any of these types of situations arise, organization or distributor should: Inspect product containers for damage, another suppliers name, or no markings at all; Crosscheck purchase orders with the delivery receipts for proper part number or component history card; Develop a system for tracking the shelf or service life of parts so as not to inadvertently use a part with an expired life limit; Verify that part identification markings arent altered or otherwise tampered with things like a serial number stamped over, an improper label, a missing label or a serial number stamped at a spot different than usual; Inspect parts for visual defects or abnormalities, such as altered or unusual surface finishes, the absence of, or variation in, required plating, any evidence of prior use, new paint, old scratches, pitting, corrosion or any sign of an attempted repair; Audit your supplier to ensure they establish and maintain the quality requirements specified in the purchase order. The CAA and FAA will exchange this report and work together in order to trace the unapproved manufacturers. This report will support the users to be more concern about the non-genuine parts besides helping the authorities to prevent from the non-genuine parts to be installed or used for aircraft. FAA RULES AND REGULATIONS. 1. FAA Part 21 Section L Export Airworthiness Approval This approval is issued for new or used aircraft manufactured according to Subpart F and G meet the airworthiness requirements outlined in Subpart H. An export airworthiness approval for an aircraft is issued in the form of an export certificate of airworthiness. This certificate does not authorize operation of that aircraft. The FAA prescribes the form and manner in which an export airworthiness approval for an aircraft engine, propeller, or article is issued. Under this subpart also provide the responsibilities for the exporters which all documents specified must be forwarded to the country or jurisdiction. The products and articles must pack and preserve as necessary in order to protect it against corrosion and damage during transit or storage and also must be in effective state on duration of delivery. 2. Advisory Circular 00-56A: Voluntary Industry Distributor Accreditation Program This advisory circular provides information about the system of accreditation of civil aircraft parts distributors by the FAA. The information in this AC has been revised in order to meet current changes in regulatory requirements and industry practices thus to improve the ability of certificated person to establish the eligibility of parts and products for installation on type-certificated products. Under this AC also provide the guideline for the aircraft parts distributors to be accredited thus reducing the problem of non-genuine aircraft parts in delivery system. All the accredited distributors will be given a certification letter or certificate approved by Accreditation Organisation. 3. Electronic use of the Authorised Release Certificate, FAA Form 8130-3, Airworthiness Approval Tag According to FAA Order 8130.21G (2009:5-1), under this topic the FAA provide guidance on acceptance and use of the electronic exchange FAA Form 8130-3 use of such electronic documentation for aircraft products and articles. This electronic FAA Form 8130-3 and other corresponding EASA and TCCA forms offer several advantages over the current paper format. FAA also provides information in procedures for use of this electronic 8130-3 Form. The authorised person must follow all the guidelines and notify their geographic FAA office before implementing the electronic form according to chapter 2, 3 and 4 of this order. Basically the issuances of the form must be in paper format in accordance with the appropriate chapter of this order. This order also provides sample of the necessary electronic 8130-3 Form as attached in the appendix. CONCLUSION Even though many preventive actions has been taken by the authorities to remind part manufacturers and aircraft companies how dangerous bogus parts are, but still there are a lot of non genuine parts being sold in the market. It is not only the part manufacturers fault, but as well as the aircraft company, who is trying to cut down cost on maintenance services due to the economy problem. As a result they decided to buy bogus or non genuine parts from the part manufacturer. So, are all the aircraft in the world are saved to travel with? Are the passengers lives or safety comes first? Or are the only thing they can think of is about losing money on using genuine aircraft parts.